Fig. 6

EMPA promotes mitochondrial fusion, and suppresses MMP decline and mtROS production in BV2 cells treated with LPS. A Western blotting analysis was used to assess the expression of Mfn1, Opa1, and Drp1 in control and LPS-stimulated BV2 cells treated with or without EMPA. β-Actin served as the internal protein control. B–D Relative densitometry quantitation of relative protein expression levels in the 3 groups of BV2 cells (n = 3–5). E–G The MMP and mtROS levels in BV2 cells were determined using immunofluorescence analyses. The MMP was determined by the fluorescence intensity of TMRM staining, and statistical analyses were determined by Image J (F) (n = 3). The mtROS was visualized by MitoSOX staining, and statistical analyses were determined by Image J (G) (n = 20). Scale bar: 25 µm