Fig. 3

Mφ phenotypes after induction with different concentrations of succinate (0, 0.5 mM, 1 mM and 2 mM for 48 h). A Flow cytometry analysis of Mφs after treatment with different concentrations of succinate. B The ratio of CD206⁺/CD86⁺ cells in Mφs in the four groups (n = 3). C–E Relative protein levels of SUCNR1 and Arg1 in the four groups (n = 3). F–L Relative RNA expression of TNFα, iNOS, IL6, SUCNR1, Arg1, TGF-β and CD206 (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001