Fig. 2

Upregulation of proinflammatory pathways and downregulation of blood–brain barrier maintenance in the brain following systemic LPS challenge. a Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes for LPS (n = 4) versus control saline (n = 6). Genes that are differentially expressed, with an adjusted p < 0.05, are indicated in blue for downregulated (log₂ fold change < 0) and red for upregulated (log₂ fold change > 0). Genes that are not differentially expressed, adjusted p \(\ge\) 0.05, are shown in gray. b Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed an upregulation of cytokine signaling and downregulation of immune system signaling and homeostasis. The x-axis is the gene count contributing to the enrichment pathways listed on the y-axis. The color of the bar indicates the − log₁₀ p-value. c–g Heatmaps showing gene expression, log₂ counts per million (CPM), for each individual pig for the top upregulated genes sorted by greatest to least log₂FC within selected enrichment functions. h–l Heatmaps showing gene expression for the top fifteen downregulated genes for each individual pig within selected enrichment functions