Fig. 6

Dopamine disrupts endothelial junctions through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. A The protein–protein interaction subnetwork was to visualize the interactions between tight junction proteins. K-means clustering was applied to color the genes in the graph and divide the subnetwork into two main clusters (highlighted in red and green) and a secondary cluster (highlighted in blue). Genes with high connectivity were selected for the following analysis, including Ctnnb1, Axin2, and Gsk3b. B The protein expression levels of Wnt3a, GSK3β/p-GSK3β, and β-catenin/active-β-catenin in the bEnd.3 cell lines were compared between without dopamine and with dopamine-treated groups using western blot. C The protein expression levels of Wnt3a, GSK3β/p-GSK3β, and β-catenin/active-β-catenin in the bEnd.3 cell lines were compared using western blot, revealing lower levels of Wnt3a, p-GSK3β, and active-β-catenin in dopamine-treated cell lines. Statistical analysis was performed using t tests, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference