Table 4 Results of gene expression analyses from the ipsilateral cortex at 7 days post-CCI in male and female mice

Neuroinflammation

 GFAP

0.00 ± 0.91

0.46 ± 0.75

2.07 ± 0.25

1.94 ± 0.49

CCI

0.00 ± 1.46

0.78 ± 0.53

2.33 ± 0.71

2.31 ± 0.67

CCI

 CD45

0.00 ± 0.40

1.67 ± 1.63

1.38 ± 0.26

3.23 ± 1.07

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.80

2.33 ± 1.31

1.55 ± 0.45

2.96 ± 0.91

TG, CCI

 CD86

0.00 ± 0.35

1.29 ± 1.21

1.11 ± 0.37

2.62 ± 0.84

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.60

1.58 ± 1.00

1.19 ± 0.34

2.39 ± 0.78

TG, CCI

 CD206

0.00 ± 0.40

0.10 ± 0.33

0.35 ± 0.32

0.47 ± 0.56

CCI

0.00 ± 0.57

0.28 ± 0.43

0.37 ± 0.34

0.82 ± 0.56

CCI

 TREM2

0.00 ± 0.41

0.48 ± 0.57

1.62 ± 0.29

1.98 ± 0.40

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.67

0.96 ± 0.46

1.81 ± 0.39

2.20 ± 0.86

TG, CCI

 CCR5

0.00 ± 0.28

0.88 ± 1.07

0.88 ± 0.28

1.78 ± 0.73

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.49

1.13 ± 0.87

1.01 ± 0.25

1.81 ± 0.72

TG, CCI

 IBA1

0.00 ± 0.29

1.42 ± 1.12

1.28 ± 0.33

2.64 ± 0.82

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.78

1.62 ± 0.92

1.52 ± 0.35

2.74 ± 0.79

TG, CCI

 TMEM119

0.00 ± 0.24

0.71 ± 0.53

0.70 ± 0.32

1.47 ± 0.43

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.66

1.29 ± 0.33

0.99 ± 0.23

1.69 ± 0.35

TG, CCI

 GATA3

0.00 ± 0.83

2.58 ± 1.91

0.20 ± 1.72

3.95 ± 1.17

TG

0.00 ± 1.58

3.32 ± 1.40

0.43 ± 0.83

3.79 ± 0.77

TG

 CXCR3

0.02

[− 0.36, 0.34]

4.17

[2.41, 4.89]

1.11

[0.90, 1.69]

5.49

[4.71, 6.40]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

− 0.25

[− 0.51, 0.39]

4.46

[3.65, 6.00]

0.99

[0.59, 1.25

5.02

[4.18, 5.50]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

 STAT1

0.00 ± 0.31

2.23 ± 1.58

1.08 ± 0.40

3.53 ± 1.39

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.70

2.31 ± 1.30

0.86 ± 0.35

3.28 ± 0.96

TG, CCI

 SOCS1

0.10

[− 0.25, 0.27]

1.01

[0.57, 2.67]

0.47

[-0.04, 0.76]

2.79

[1.30, 4.21]

4 > 1

− 0.01

[− 0.31, 0.22]

1.65

[0.52, 3.48]

0.35

[0.11, 0.72]

1.72

[1.27, 2.45]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

 FOXP3

0.04

[− 0.56, 0.47]

1.79

[1.41, 2.78]

0.78

[-0.05, 1.19]

4.11

[2.44, 5.40]

4 > 1, 4 > 3

0.00 ± 0.93

3.56 ± 1.67

0.68 ± 0.76

3.44 ± 1.09

TG

 TSPO

0.00 ± 0.60

0.61 ± 1.25

1.05 ± 0.58

2.49 ± 1.11

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.04

1.85 ± 0.97

1.40 ± 0.46

2.44 ± 0.83

TG, CCI

 NLRP3

0.00 ± 0.33

0.94 ± 1.10

1.05 ± 0.13

2.19 ± 0.64

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.52

1.61 ± 1.11

1.19 ± 0.41

2.16 ± 0.63

TG, CCI

 IL1β

0.00 ± 0.90

2.10 ± 2.25

1.23 ± 0.91

2.99 ± 1.80

TG

0.00 ± 1.14

3.50 ± 2.97

2.10 ± 0.87

2.65 ± 1.24

TG

 IL2

− 0.08

[− 0.32, 0.47]

1.02

[− 0.02, 2.99]

− 0.83

[− 1.09, 0.16]

3.49

[2.14, 4.77]

4 > 3

− 0.05

[− 0.57, 0.58]

3.69

[0.06, 4.92]

− 0.67

[− 0.86, − 0.22]

2.10

[0.72, 2.94]

2 > 3

 IL6

0.00 ± 0.54

1.27 ± 1.26

0.84 ± 0.97

1.83 ± 1.27

TG

0.03

[− 0.42, 0.42]

1.58

[0.51, 3.47]

0.44

[0.18, 1.07]

0.81

[0.64, 1.20]

2 > 1

 IL10

0.00 ± 0.47

2.79 ± 2.06

0.16 ± 1.79

3.96 ± 1.49

TG

0.00 ± 0.44

3.38 ± 1.56

0.76 ± 3.19

3.58 ± 1.07

TG

 IL12p40

0.00 ± 1.29

3.11 ± 2.31

0.68 ± 1.04

4.59 ± 1.42

TG

0.00 ± 1.48

4.70 ± 2.50

0.57 ± 0.54

3.48 ± 1.04

TG

 IL33

0.00 ± 0.38

-0.11 ± 0.33

0.20 ± 0.38

0.41 ± 0.40

CCI

0.00 ± 0.25

0.18 ± 0.33

0.45 ± 0.40

0.53 ± 0.64

CCI

 TNFα

0.00 ± 1.07

2.62 ± 2.58

1.66 ± 0.34

4.53 ± 1.60

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.58

4.19 ± 2.06

2.58 ± 1.08

4.30 ± 1.28

TG, CCI

 CSF1

0.00 ± 0.29

0.16 ± 0.53

0.60 ± 0.15

1.23 ± 0.63

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.45

0.85 ± 0.43

0.95 ± 0.34

1.41 ± 0.63

TG, CCI

 CSF2

0.00 ± 0.62

1.82 ± 2.04

1.00 ± 1.69

3.15 ± 1.14

TG

0.00 ± 0.62

3.84 ± 2.32

1.76 ± 0.79

3.40 ± 0.79

TG

 CXCL10

0.00 ± 1.19

2.44 ± 2.40

2.37 ± 0.70

4.71 ± 1.79

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.77

5.03 ± 2.37

3.03 ± 0.56

5.32 ± 1.31

TG, CCI

 IFNγ

0.12

[− 0.37, 0.53]

5.53

[4.11, 6.81]

− 0.13

[− 0.59, 0.46]

7.69

[6.06, 9.24]

4 > 1, 4 > 3

− 0.22

[− 0.92, 1.10]

6.52

[4.20, 8.68]

− 0.39

[− 0.83, 0.10]

5.80

[4.57, 7.00]

2 > 1, 4 > 1,

2 > 3, 4 > 3

 TGFβ

0.00 ± 0.39

0.82 ± 1.02

1.12 ± 0.26

2.18 ± 0.77

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.49

1.21 ± 0.92

1.34 ± 0.41

2.18 ± 0.97

TG, CCI

 ARG1

0.00 ± 1.19

1.53 ± 3.37

2.65 ± 1.43

3.04 ± 2.52

CCI

0.00 ± 0.92

0.88 ± 1.90

2.05 ± 0.81

2.59 ± 2.24

CCI

 CCL2

0.00 ± 0.95

1.90 ± 2.12

1.56 ± 0.69

3.94 ± 1.68

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.57

4.04 ± 2.65

2.51 ± 0.63

4.60 ± 1.29

TG, CCI

 CCL4

0.00 ± 1.23

0.47 ± 1.37

1.96 ± 0.15

2.24 ± 0.99

CCI

0.00 ± 1.85

2.49 ± 1.96

3.18 ± 0.65

2.91 ± 1.06

CCI, *

 CCL5

0.00 ± 1.18

3.53 ± 2.33

1.70 ± 0.47

5.59 ± 1.75

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.99

5.21 ± 2.13

2.20 ± 0.38

5.32 ± 1.50

TG

 CCL12

0.00 ± 0.75

1.51 ± 1.59

1.45 ± 0.76

3.01 ± 0.91

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.15

2.91 ± 1.53

2.16 ± 0.59

3.70 ± 0.95

TG, CCI

Neuronal cell markers

 MAP2

0.00 ± 0.18

− 0.06 ± 0.19

− 0.14 ± 0.16

− 0.28 ± 0.29

ns

0.00 ± 0.15

− 0.19 ± 0.23

− 0.21 ± 0.21

− 0.34 ± 0.24

ns

Oxidative stress

 IDO1

− 0.13

[− 0.67, 0.72]

3.27

[1.81, 4.84]

− 0.41

[− 0.92, 0.18]

5.72

[4.97, 7.45]

4 > 1, 4 > 3

− 0.18

[− 0.50, 0.65]

5.16

[3.95, 6.55]

− 0.61

[− 0.80, − 0.15]

4.49

[3.58, 5.53]

2 > 1, 2 > 3, 4 > 3

 NOS2

0.30

[− 0.15, 0.20]

2.00

[0.38, 2.92]

0.25

[0.02, 0.50]

1.88

[1.22, 4.47]

4 > 1

0.15

[− 0.40, 0.36]

1.01

[0.12, 4.34]

0.42

[0.10, 0.51]

0.71

[0.42, 1.96]

ns

 CYBB

0.00 ± 0.67

2.84 ± 2.04

2.22 ± 0.44

4.73 ± 1.23

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.13

3.57 ± 1.69

2.46 ± 0.40

4.64 ± 1.56

TG, CCI

Glutamate pathway

 PHGDH

0.00 ± 0.29

− 0.20 ± 0.21

0.18 ± 0.20

0.30 ± 0.33

CCI

0.00 ± 0.30

0.05 ± 0.11

0.44 ± 0.13

0.49 ± 0.30

CCI

 GLT1

0.00 ± 0.21

− 0.29 ± 0.24

0.09 ± 0.20

− 0.10 ± 0.35

TG

0.00 ± 0.19

− 0.08 ± 0.20

0.28 ± 0.26

0.03 ± 0.13

CCI

 GLUL

0.00 ± 0.30

− 0.11 ± 0.26

0.12 ± 0.28

0.07 ± 0.35

ns

0.00 ± 0.24

− 0.30 ± 0.35

0.29 ± 0.32

0.15 ± 0.36

CCI

 GRIN2B

0.00 ± 0.36

− 0.13 ± 0.40

− 0.12 ± 0.36

− 0.21 ± 0.33

ns

0.00 ± 0.42

− 0.19 ± 0.49

− 0.18 ± 0.42

− 0.40 ± 0.40

ns

 GAD1

0.00 ± 0.26

− 0.24 ± 0.35

− 0.59 ± 0.20

− 0.65 ± 0.30

CCI

0.14

[− 0.18, 0.19]

− 0.02

[− 0.11, 0.26]

− 0.08

[− 0.63, 0.19]

− 0.62

[− 0.97, − 0.19]

ns

 GLAST

0.00 ± 0.20

0.06 ± 0.31

0.38 ± 0.26

0.69 ± 0.26

CCI

0.00 ± 0.27

0.27 ± 0.30

0.42 ± 0.31

0.69 ± 0.31

TG, CCI

 PPARγ

0.00 ± 0.37

− 0.23 ± 0.29

-0.88 ± 0.32

− 0.70 ± 0.57

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.24

− 0.28 ± 0.46

− 0.23 ± 0.36

− 0.47 ± 0.58

ns