Figure 4
![Figure 4](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1742-2094-11-49/MediaObjects/12974_2013_Article_989_Fig4_HTML.jpg)
Amelioration by curcumin of phagocytic ability for EMF-exposed N9 cells. N9 cells were pretreated with (+) or without (−) various concentrations of curcumin (5, 10 and 20 μM) for 1 h and then exposed to 2.45 GHz EMF (+) or sham exposed (−) for 20 min. (A) Curcumin pretreatment concomitantly improves microglial phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner at 12 h after EMF exposure. No increase in microglial phagocytosis was detected upon curcumin preconditioning in the sham exposure group. Scale bar: 10 μm. (B) Quantification of the phagocytic ability of N9 cells was calculated from (A). The phagocytic ratio was significantly improved in the EMF-exposed or 200 ng/ml LPS-treated N9 cells incubated with 10 μM and 20 μM of curcumin. *P < 0.05 vs the sham-exposed control group; # P < 0.05 vs the EMF-exposed group. con, control; Cur, curcumin; EMF, electromagnetic field; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.