Matson JL, Gonzalez M, Wilkins JP: Validity study of the Autism Spectrum Disorders-Diagnostic for Children (ASD-DC). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2009, 3: 196-206. 10.1016/j.rasd.2008.05.005.
Article
Google Scholar
Matson JL, LoVullo SV: Trends and topics in autism spectrum disorders research. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2009, 3: 252-257. 10.1016/j.rasd.2008.06.005.
Article
Google Scholar
Matson JL, Neal D: Diagnosing high incidence autism spectrum disorders in adults. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2009, 3: 581-589. 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.001.
Article
Google Scholar
Njardvik V, Matson JL, Cherry KE: A comparison of social skills in adults with autistic disorders, pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified, and metnal retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1999, 29: 287-295. 10.1023/A:1022107318500.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morgan CN, Roy M, Chance P: Psychiatric comorbidity and medication use in autism: A community survey. Psychiatric Bulletin. 2003, 27 (Suppl 10): 378-381.
Article
Google Scholar
Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandlew S, Loucas T, Biard G: Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008, 47: 921-929. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abrahams BS, Geschwind DH: Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nat Rev Genet. 2008, 9: 341-355. 10.1038/nrg2346.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B: Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder. Nat Rev Genet. 2001, 2: 943-955. 10.1038/35103559.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, Zimmerman AW, Pardo CA: Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol. 2005, 57: 67-81. 10.1002/ana.20315.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Le H: Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. J Neuroimmunol. 2001, 120: 170-179. 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00421-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Itokazu N: Innate immunity associated with inflammatory responses and cytokine production against common dietary proteins in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 2002, 46: 76-84. 10.1159/000065416.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singh VK: Plasma increase of interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma: Pathological significance in autism. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1996, 66: 143-145. 10.1016/0165-5728(96)00014-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Croonenberghs J, Bosmans E, Deboutte D, Kenis G, Maes M: Activation of the inflammatory response system in autism. Neuropsychobiology. 2002, 45 (suppl 1): 1-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Molloy CA, Morrow AL, Meinzen-Derr J, Schleifer K, Dienger K, Manning-Courtney P, Altaye M, Wills-Karp M: Elevated cytokine levels in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2006, 172: 198-205. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.11.007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ashwood P, Wakefield AJ: Immune activation of peripheral blood and mucosal CD3α lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. J Neuroimmunol. 2006, 173: 126-134. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chez MG, Burton Q, Dowling T, Chang M, Khanna P, Kramer C: Memantine as adjunctive therapy in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders: an observation of initial clinical response and maintenance tolerability. J Child Neurol. 2007, 22: 574-579. 10.1177/0883073807302611.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Joseph R, Li W, Han E: Neuronal death, cytoplasmic calcium and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation: evidence for DNA fragments being released from cells. Mol Brain Res. 1993, 17: 70-76. 10.1016/0169-328X(93)90074-Y.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhong LT, Sarafian T, Kane DJ, Charles AC, Mah SP, Edwards RH, Bredesen DE: bcl-2 inhibits death of central neural cells induced by multiple agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993, 90: 4533-4537. 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4533.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Takei N, Endo Y: Ca2+ ionophore-induced apoptosis on cultured embryonic rat cortical neurons. Brain Res. 1994, 652: 65-70. 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90317-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hatanaka Y, Suzuki K, Kawasaki Y, Endo Y, Taniguchi N, Takei N: A role of peroxides in Ca2+ ionophore-induced apoptosis in cultured rat cortical neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1996, 227: 513-518. 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1538.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hughes FM, Bortner CD, Purdy GD, Cidlowski JA: Intracellular K+ suppresses the activation of apoptosis in lymphocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997, 272: 30567-30576. 10.1074/jbc.272.48.30567.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hughes FM, Cidlowski JA: Potassium is a critical regulator of apoptotic enzymes in vitro and in vivo. Advances in Enzyme Regulation. 1999, 39: 157-171. 10.1016/S0065-2571(98)00010-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cain K, Langlais C, Sun XM, Brown DG, Cohen GM: Physiological concentrations of K+ inhibit cytochrome c-dependent formation of the apoptosome. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001, 276: 41985-41990. 10.1074/jbc.M107419200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yu SP, Yeh CH, Sensi SL, Gwag JB, Canzoniero LMT, Farhangrazi ZS, Ying HS, Tian M, Dugan LL, Choi DW: Mediation of neuronal apoptosis by enhancement of outward potassium current. Science. 1997, 278: 114-117. 10.1126/science.278.5335.114.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yu SP, Yeh C, Strasser U, Tian M, Choi DW: NMDA receptor-mediated K+ efflux and neuronal apoptosis. Science. 1999, 284: 336-339. 10.1126/science.284.5412.336.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krick S, Platoshyn O, Sweeney M, Kim H, Yuan JX: Activation of K+ channels induces apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology. 2001, 280: C970-C979.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yu SP, Yeh CH, Gottron F, Wang X, Grabb MC, Choi DW: Role of the outward delayed rectifier K+ current in ceramide-induced caspase activation and apoptosis in cultured cortical neurons. J Neurochem. 1999, 73: 933-941.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jiang C, Agulian S, Haddad GG: O2 tension in adult and neonatal brain slices under several experimental conditions. Brain Res. 1991, 568: 159-164. 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91392-E.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedman JE, Haddad GG: Anoxia induces an increase in intracellular sodium in rat central neurons in vitro. Brain Res. 1994, 663: 329-334. 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91281-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedman JE, Haddad GG: Removal of extracellular sodium prevents anoxia-induced injury in freshly dissociated rat CA1 hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 1994, 641: 57-64. 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91815-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Waxman SG, Black JA, Ransom BR, Stys PK: Anoxic injury of rat optic nerve: ultrastructural evidence for coupling between Na+ influx and Ca(2+)-mediated injury in myelinated CNS axons. Brain Res. 1994, 644: 197-204. 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91680-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gleitz J, Tosch C, Beile A, Peters T: The protective action of tetrodotoxin and (+/-)-kavain on anaerobic glycolysis, ATP content and intracellular Na2+ and Ca2+ of anoxic brain vesicles. Neuropharmacology. 1996, 35: 1743-1752. 10.1016/S0028-3908(96)00106-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chidekel AS, Friedman JE, Haddad GG: Anoxia-induced neuronal injury: role of Na+ entry and Na+-dependent transport. Exp Neurol. 1997, 146: 403-413. 10.1006/exnr.1997.6544.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stys PK, Lopachin RM: Mechanisms of calcium and sodium fluxes in anoxic myelinated central nervous system axons. Neuroscience. 1998, 82: 21-32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Banasiak KJ, Burenkova O, Haddad GG: Activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels during oxygen deprivation leads to apoptotic neuronal death. Neuroscience. 2004, 126: 31-44. 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00425-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Galland L: Magnesium, stress and neuropsychiatric disorders. Magnes Trace Elem. 1992, 10 (Suppl 2-4): 287-301.
CAS
Google Scholar
Iotti S, Malucelli E: In vivo assessment of Mg2+ in human brain and skeletal muscle by 31P-MRS. Magnes Res. 2008, 21 (Suppl 3): 157-62.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faulker WR, Meites S: Selected methods for the small clinical chemistry laboratory. 1982, Washington, DC
Google Scholar
Henry RL, Cannon DC, Winklemen JW: Clinical Chemistry Principles and Techniques. 1974, Hagerstown, MD: Harper and Row, 2
Google Scholar
Tietz NW: Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 1982, WB, Saunder Co, Philadelphia, PA, 874.
Google Scholar
Lindstrom F, Diehl H: Indicator for the titration of calcium plus magnesium with (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate. Anal Chem. 1960, 32: 1123-10.1021/ac60165a022.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Klein B, Oklander M: Clin Chem. 1976, 13: 26.
Google Scholar
Rees S, Harding R, Walker D: The biological basis of injury and neuroprotection in the fetal and neonatal brain. Int J Devl Neuroscience.
Dalitz P, Harding R, Rees SM, Cock ML: Prolonged reductions in placen- tal blood flow and cerebral oxygen delivery in preterm fetals heep exposed to endotoxin: possible factors in white matter injury after acute infection. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2003, 10: 283-290. 10.1016/S1071-5576(03)00090-X.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duncan JR, Cock ML, Suzuki K, Scheerlinck JP, Harding R, Rees SM: Chronic endo toxin exposure causes brain injury in the ovine fetus in the absence of hypoxemia. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2006, 13: 87-96. 10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.12.003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yan E, Castillo-Melendez M, Nicholls T, Hirst J, Walker D: Cerebrovascu- lar responses in the fetal sheep brain to low-dose endotoxin. Pediatr Res. 2004, 55: 855-863. 10.1203/01.PDR.0000115681.95957.D4. 1531
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beutler B, Cerami A: The biology of cachectin/TNFα a primary mediator of host response. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989, 7: 625-655. 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.003205.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singh VK: Phenotypic expression of autoimmune autistic disorder (AAD):A major subset of autism. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2009, 21 (3): 148-161.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mundle SD, Reza S, Ali A, Mativi BY, Shetty V, Venugopal P, Gregory SA, Rasa A: Correlation of tumor necrosis factor a (TNFα) with high Caspase3-like activity in myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer Letters. 1999, 140: 201-207. 10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00072-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dimayuga FO, Wang C, Clark JM, Dimayuga ER, Dimayuga VM, Bruce AJ: SOD1 overexpression alters ROS production and reduces neurotoxic inflammatory signaling in microglial cells Keller. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2007, 182: 89-99. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.10.003.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Al-Gadani Y, El-Ansary A, Attas O, Al-Ayadhi L: Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Saudi autistic children. Clin Biochem. 2009, 42: 1032-1040. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.03.011.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shearer T, Larson IC, Neurochwonder J: Minerals in the Hair and Nutrient Intake of Autistic Children. Journal of Autism and Develop Disorders. 1982, 12: 25-34. 10.1007/BF01531671.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Krey JF, Dolmetsch RE: Molecular mechanisms of autism: a possible role for Ca2+ signalling. Opin Neurobiol. 2007, 17: 112-119. 10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.010.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Laura V, Cristina L, Paola R, Luisa AM, Shyti G, Edvige V, Giuseppe M, Elena G, Laura C, Adriana V: Metals, metallothioneins and oxidative stress in blood of autistic children. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2011, 5: 286-293. 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.010.
Article
Google Scholar
Palmieri L, Persico AM: Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: cause or effect?. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010, 1797 (6-7): 1130-1137. 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.04.018.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
El-Ansary A, Al-Daihan S, Al-Dbass A, Al-Ayadhi L: Measurement of selected ions related to oxidative stress and energy metabolism in Saudi autistic children. Clinical Biochemistry. 2010, 43: 63-70. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.09.008.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palmieri L, Pardo B, Lasorsa FM, del Arco A, Kobayashi K, Iijima M, Runswick MJ, Walker JE, Saheki T, Satrustegui J, Palmieri F: Citrin and aralar1 are Ca2+-stimulated aspartate/glutamate transporters in mitochondria. EMBO J. 2001, 20: 5060-5069. 10.1093/emboj/20.18.5060.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Satrústegui J, Contreras L, Ramos M, Marmol P, del Arco A, Saheki T, Pardo B: Role of aralar, the mitochondrial transporter of aspartate-glutamate, in brain N-acetylaspartate formation and Ca(2+) signaling in neuronal mitochondria. J Neurosci Res. 2007, 85: 3359-3366. 10.1002/jnr.21299.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xiao AY, Homma M, Wang XQ, Wang X, Yu SP: Role of K(+) efflux in apoptosis induced by AMPA and kainate in mouse cortical neurons. Neuroscience. 2001, 108 (1): 61-67. 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00394-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pigozzi D, Tombal B, Ducret T, Vacher P, Gailly P: Role of store-dependent influx of Ca2+ and efflux of K+ in apoptosis of CHO cells. Cell Calcium. 2004, 36 (5): 421-30. 10.1016/j.ceca.2004.04.002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Viviani B, Gardoni F, Marinovich M: Cytokines and neuronal ion channels in health and disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2007, 82: 247-63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leonoudakis D, Zhao P, Beattie EC: Rapid tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced exocytosis of glutamate receptor 2-lacking AMPA receptors to extrasynaptic plasma membrane potentiates excitotoxicity. J Neurosci. 2008, 28 (9): 2119-2130. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5159-07.2008.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar