Fig. 1

Different effects of oxygen-glucose-deprived endothelium versus astrocytes on microglial activation. a Morphology of primary microglia without or with 24 h of treatment with conditioned media from the OGD-treated cerebral endothelial cells or astrocytes. Untreated “resting” microglia displayed a ramified morphology (left). Endo-CM treatment activated microglia into an amoeboid appearance (middle). Astro-CM treatment led to microglial cell body enlargement and reduced peripheral branching (right). b Secretion of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IGF-1 from the primary microglia treated with conditioned media from OGD-treated cerebral endothelial cells or astrocytes for 24 h were measured using ELISA. Endothelial-activated microglia significantly increased the production of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-10 and reduced IGF-I release. In contrast, astrocyte-activated microglia did not alter the levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-10 but significantly increased the IGF-1 release. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. **p < 0.01 compared to the control (one-way ANOVA). n = 3 to 5 independent experiments