Fig. 2
Colitis induces neuroinflammation with monocyte and neutrophil infiltration and increased cytokine production. a, b Plasma cytokine concentrations in mice with acute DSS-induced colitis (a) and TCT-induced colitis (b). c, d Transcription of cytokines (c), and Vcam1, Tjp1, and Cldn5 (d) in the brains of mice with acute DSS-induced colitis. e, f Representative immunohistochemistry stains (e) and quantification (f) of CD68 in hippocampal and cortex sections from mice with acute DSS-induced colitis. g, h Flow cytometric analysis of microglia (CD45loCX3CR1hiCD11b+) showing their frequency (g) and phenotype (h) from mice with acute DSS-induced colitis. i Flow cytometric quantification of monocytes (CD45+CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C+MHCII−) and neutrophils (CD45+CD11b+Ly6G+) in mice with acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. j Flow cytometric quantification of monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells (CD45+CD11b-CD3+) in mice with TCT-induced colitis. k Frequencies of monocytes and neutrophils 30 days following initiation of acute DSS-induced colitis. l Distribution of monocytes and neutrophils in the brains of mice with acute DSS-induced colitis. Single-cell suspensions of harvested tissue were analyzed by flow cytometry. m H&E stain of brain sections from mice with acute DSS-induced colitis. n = 5–10 mice/group, representative of 3–5 replicate experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001