Fig. 3

HsTx2 alleviates IL-1β-induced astrocyte inflammation. a Flow cytometry analysis of ACSA2-APC in ACSA2+ cells. b Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that purified adult astrocytes express GFAP. c Astrocytes were treated with different concentrations of HsTx2 (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 nM) in the presence of IL-1β. RT–qPCR was used to determine the expression of circ_0001293 and miR-8114 (n = 3). HsTx2 increased the expression of circ_0001293 and reduced miR-8114 expression. d Astrocytes were treated with different concentrations of HsTx2 (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 nM) in the presence of IL-1β. Levels of the TGF-β2 protein were examined using Western blotting (n = 3). HsTx2 increased the expression of TGF-β2. e Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 assay (n = 3) with different concentrations of HsTx2 (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 nM) in the presence of IL-1β. f ELISAs were used to determine the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β2 with different concentrations of HsTx2 (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 nM) in the presence of IL-1β. g MAPK- and NF-κB-related proteins were detected using Western blotting (n = 3) with different concentrations of HsTx2 (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 nM) in the presence of IL-1β. ^***P < 0.001 compared with NC; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 and ^###P < 0.001 compared with PTZ