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IL-2 regulates T cell differentiation: low-dose IL-2 induces immunoregulatory Treg differentiation, while high-dose IL-2 acts as a potent activator of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. Therefore, high-dose IL-2 ...
The trend of postponing childbearing age is prevalent worldwide. Advanced paternal age (APA) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. However, the underlying mechanism by which pater...
Microglia (MG) are myeloid cells of the central nervous system that support homeostasis and instigate neuroinflammation in pathologies. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed the functional heterogene...
‘Wet’ age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by pathologic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) that destroys central vision. Abundant evidence points to inflammation and immune cell dysfunction...
The primary pathological change in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Additionally, excessive microglial activation and synaptic loss are ...
Microglia-driven neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Microglia activation is accompanied by the formation and chronic expression of TLR4 inflammarafts, defined ...
Alcohol consumption leads to neuroinflammation and blood‒brain barrier (BBB) damage, resulting in neurological impairment. We previously demonstrated that ethanol-induced disruption of barrier function in huma...
Demyelination occurs widely in the central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative diseases, especially the multiple sclerosis (MS), which with a complex and inflammatory lesion microenvironment inhibiting remy...
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is an opportunistic encapsulated fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunosuppressed individuals. Since IL-6 is important for blood-brain barrier supp...
Neuroinflammation is a vital pathogenic mechanism for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and age-related cognitive decline. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit potent anti-inflammato...
Research into the disequilibrium of microglial phenotypes has become an area of intense focus in neurodegenerative disease as a potential mechanism that contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal lo...
Autophagy is crucial for synaptic plasticity and the architecture of dendritic spines. However, the role of autophagy in schizophrenia (SCZ) and the mechanisms through which it affects synaptic function remain...
Microglial cell iron load and inflammatory activation are significant hallmarks of late-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In vitro, microglia preferentially upregulate the iron importer, divalent metal transporter ...
Early severe cerebral edema and chronic hydrocephalus are the primary cause of poor prognosis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study investigated the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infla...
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are closely related flaviviruses with differing capacities to cause neurological disease in humans. WNV is thought to use a transneural route of neuroinvasion along...
Pathogenic germline mutations in the P-type copper-transporting ATPase (ATP7B) gene cause Wilson’s disease (WD), a hereditary disorder characterized by disrupted copper metabolism. The Arg778Leu (R778L) mutati...
Comprehensive characterization of the metabolome in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy may identify biomarkers and contribute to the understanding of the patho...
Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of almost every central nervous system disorder. As the brain’s innate immune cells, microglia fine tune their activity to a dynamic brain environment. Previou...
Neurodegenerative diseases pose a significant health burden globally, with limited treatment options available. Among the various cell types involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders, microglia, the resi...
Viral encephalitis is characterized by inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by a variety of viruses, among which the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV) is a typical representative arbovirus. Neurona...
The IL-6 cytokine family, with its crucial and pleiotropic intracellular signaling pathway STAT3, is a promising target for treating vasoproliferative retinal diseases. Previous research has shown that IL-6 ci...
Overactivated microglia are a key contributor to Parkinson’s disease (PD) by inducing neuroinflammation. CD200R1, a membrane glycoprotein mainly found on microglia, is crucial for maintaining quiescence with i...
During brain aging, disturbances in neuronal phospholipid metabolism result in impaired cognitive function and dysregulation of neurological processes. Mutations in iPLA2β are associated with neurodegenerative...
Cognitive impairment is a common issue among human patients undergoing surgery, yet the neural mechanism causing this impairment remains unidentified. Surgical procedures often lead to glial cell activation an...
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults, with high incidence, recurrence, and mortality rates. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) are essential components of the tumor microenvironment ...
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a severe cerebrovascular disease, and effective gene therapy and drug interventions for its treatment are still lacking. Oxidative stress (OS) is closely associated with the IA, b...
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety (DA). In our preliminary study, fecal microbiota transplantation from volunteers with psychological stre...
The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been linked to several inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Despite cases of potential hearing improvement in immune-mediated diseases, direct evidence of th...
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic multisymptom disorder that affects approximately 25–32% of Gulf War veterans and is characterized by a number of symptoms such as cognitive impairment, psychiatric disturban...
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common following surgery in elderly patients. The role of the preoperative gut microbiota in POCD has attracted increasing attention, but the potential underlying ...
The choroid plexus (ChP) helps maintain the homeostasis of the brain by forming the blood-CSF barrier via tight junctions (TJ) at the choroid plexus epithelial cells, and subsequently preventing neuroinflammat...
Depression is a chronic psychiatric disease of multifactorial etiology, and its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Stress and other chronic inflammatory pathologies are shared risk factors for psychiatri...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia, characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid in brain. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) is an ion channel involved in d...
There is an urgent need to discover blood-based biomarkers of multiple sclerosis (MS) to better define the underlying biology of relapses and monitor disease progression. The main goal of this study is to sear...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by neuroinflammation, progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, and accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) into insoluble aggregates called Lewy pathology. The Line 61 α-...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) features progressive neurodegeneration and microglial activation that results in dementia and cognitive decline. The release of soluble amyloid (Aβ) oligomers into the extracellular sp...
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) plays a significant role in regulating immune responses. LILRB4 in microglia might influence the infiltration of peripheral T cells. However, whether and how ...
Neuropathic pain (NP), which results from injury or lesion of the somatosensory nervous system, is intimately associated with glial cells. The roles of microglia and astrocytes in NP have been broadly describe...
The pathological role of interferon signaling is emerging in neuroinflammatory disorders, yet, the specific role of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) in neuroinflammation remains poorly understood. Here, w...
Trauma can result in systemic inflammation that leads to organ dysfunction, but the impact on the brain, particularly following extracranial insults, has been largely overlooked.
Ischemic retinopathies including diabetic retinopathy are major causes of vision loss. Inner blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown with retinal vascular hyperpermeability results in macular edema. Although dys...
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating many physiological and pathological immune-mediated processes. Specifically, it has been recognized as an essential pro-inflammatory cytokine im...
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep-disordered breathing characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) that may cause cognitive dysfunction. However, the impact of IH on molecular processes involved in cogn...
Despite advances in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory treatment, inflammation and its consequences remain a major challenge in the field of medicine. Inflammatory reactions can lead to life-threatening condi...
Since its detection in the brain, the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) has been considered a promising therapeutic target for various neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, precise brain mapping of ...
The Appalachia region of North America is known to have significant health disparities, specifically, worse risk factors and outcomes for stroke. Appalachians are more likely to have comorbidities related to s...
Microglia serve as a front-line defense against neuroinvasive viral infection, however, determination of their actual transcriptional profiles under conditions of health and disease is challenging. Here, we us...
Growing evidence has implicated systemic infection as a significant risk factor for the development and advancement of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and the resultant pa...
Gender is a significant risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), often attributed to the decline of estrogen. The plant estrogen secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) has demonstrated anti-inflamm...
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Journal of Neuroinflammation