Monroe RK, Halvorsen SW: Environmental toxicants inhibit neuronal Jak tyrosine kinase by mitochondrial disruption. NeuroToxicol. 2009, 30: 589-598. 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.03.007.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Geier DA, King PG, Sykes LK, Geier MR: A comprehensive review of mercury provoked autism. Indian J Med Res. 2008, 128: 383-411.
CAS
Google Scholar
Stehr-Green P, Tull P, Stellfeld M, Mortenson PB, Simpson D: Autism and thimerosal-containing vaccines: lack of consistent evidence for an association. Am J Prev Med. 2003, 25: 101-106. 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00113-2.
Article
Google Scholar
D'Souza Y, Fombonne E, Ward BJ: No evidence of persisting measles virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2006, 118: 1664-1675. 10.1542/peds.2006-1262.
Article
Google Scholar
DeStefano F: Vaccines and autism: evidence does not support a causal association. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007, 82: 756-759. 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100407.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Baker JP: Mercury, vaccines, and autism: One controversy, three histories. Am J Public Health. 2008, 98: 244-253. 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113159.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fombonne E: Thimerosal disappears but autism remains. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008, 65: 15-16. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.2.
Article
Google Scholar
Woo EJ, Ball R, Landa R, Zimmerman AW, Braun MM: Developmental regression and autism reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Autism. 2007, 11: 301-310. 10.1177/1362361307078126.
Article
Google Scholar
Young HA, Geier DA, Geier MR: Thimerosal exposure in infants and neurodevelopmental disorders: an assessment of computerized medical records in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. J Neurol Sci. 2008, 271: 110-118. 10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.002.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Jiang Y, Moller G: In vitro effects of HgCl2 on murine lymphocytes. I. Preferable activation of CD4+ T cells in a responder strain. J Immunol. 1995, 154: 3138-3146.
CAS
Google Scholar
Dastych J, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Wyczolkowska J, Metcalfe DD: Murine mast cells exposed to mercuric chloride release granule-associated N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase and secrete IL-4 and TNF-alpha. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999, 103: 1108-1114. 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70186-7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Strenzke N, Grabbe J, Plath KE, Rohwer J, Wolff HH, Gibbs BF: Mercuric chloride enhances immunoglobulin E-dependent mediator release from human basophils. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001, 174: 257-263. 10.1006/taap.2001.9223.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Suzuki Y, Yoshimaru T, Yamashita K, Matsui T, Yamaki M, Shimizu K: Exposure of RBL-2H3 mast cells to Ag(+) induces cell degranulation and mediator release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001, 283: 707-714. 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4844.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kirshenbaum AS, Akin C, Wu Y, Rottem M, Goff JP, Beaven MA, et al: Characterization of novel stem cell factor responsive human mast cell lines LAD 1 and 2 established from a patient with mast cell sarcoma/leukemia; activation following aggregation of FcepsilonRI or FcgammaRI. Leuk Res. 2003, 27: 677-682. 10.1016/S0145-2126(02)00343-0.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kempuraj D, Saito H, Kaneko A, Fukagawa K, Nakayama M, Toru H, et al: Characterization of mast cell-committed progenitors present in human umbilical cord blood. Blood. 1999, 93: 3338-3346.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kempuraj D, Papadopoulou NG, Lytinas M, Huang M, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Madhappan B, et al: Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its structurally related urocortin are synthesized and secreted by human mast cells. Endocrinology. 2004, 145: 43-48. 10.1210/en.2003-0805.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Puri N, Roche PA: Mast cells possess distinct secretory granule subsets whose exocytosis is regulated by different SNARE isoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105: 2580-2585. 10.1073/pnas.0707854105.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kempuraj D, Madhappan B, Christodoulou S, Boucher W, Cao J, Papadopoulou N, et al: Flavonols inhibit proinflammatory mediator release, intracellular calcium ion levels and protein kinase C theta phosphorylation in human mast cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2005, 145: 934-944. 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706246.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kempuraj D, Tagen M, Iliopoulou BP, Clemons A, Vasiadi M, Boucher W, et al: Luteolin inhibits myelin basic protein-induced human mast cell activation and mast cell dependent stimulation of Jurkat T cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2008, 155: 1076-1084. 10.1038/bjp.2008.356.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Schedle A, Samorapoompichit P, Fureder W, Rausch-Fan XH, Franz A, Sperr WR, et al: Metal ion-induced toxic histamine release from human basophils and mast cells. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998, 39: 560-567. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980315)39:4<560::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-H.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wu Z, Pearson A, Oliveira D: Characterization of cis-regulatory elements conferring mercury-induced interleukin-4 gene expression in rat mast cells: a role for signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 and TATA box binding sites. Immunology. 2009, 127: 530-538. 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03023.x.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Paus R, Theoharides TC, Arck PC: Neuroimmunoendocrine circuitry of the 'brain-skin connection'. Trends Immunol. 2006, 27: 32-39. 10.1016/j.it.2005.10.002.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Galli SJ, Kalesnikoff J, Grimbaldeston MA, Piliponsky AM, Williams CM, Tsai M: Mast cells as "tunable" effector and immunoregulatory cells: recent advances. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005, 23: 749-786. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141025.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Theoharides TC, Kalogeromitros D: The critical role of mast cell in allergy and inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2006, 1088: 78-99. 10.1196/annals.1366.025.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Janiszewski J, Bienenstock J, Blennerhassett MG: Picomolar doses of substance P trigger electrical responses in mast cells without degranulation. Am J Physiol. 1994, 267: C138-C145.
CAS
Google Scholar
Carraway R, Cochrane DE, Lansman JB, Leeman SE, Paterson BM, Welch HJ: Neurotensin stimulates exocytotic histamine secretion from rat mast cells and elevates plasma histamine levels. J Physiol. 1982, 323: 403-414.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Boesiger J, Tsai M, Maurer M, Yamaguchi M, Brown LF, Claffey KP, et al: Mast cells can secrete vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial cell growth factor and exhibit enhanced release after immunoglobulin E-dependent upregulation of Fcε receptor I expression. J Exp Med. 1998, 188: 1135-1145. 10.1084/jem.188.6.1135.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Grutzkau A, Kruger-Krasagakes S, Baumeister H, Schwarz C, Kogel H, Welker P, et al: Synthesis, storage and release of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) by human mast cells: Implications for the biological significance of VEGF206. Mol Biol Cell. 1998, 9: 875-884.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Laham RJ, Li J, Tofukuji M, Post M, Simons M, Sellke FW: Spatial heterogeneity in VEGF-induced vasodilation: VEGF dilates microvessels but not epicardial and systemic arteries and veins. Ann Vasc Surg. 2003, 17: 245-252. 10.1007/s10016-001-0299-x.
Article
Google Scholar
Brown LF, Olbricht SM, Berse B, Jackman RW, Matsueda G, Tognazzi KA, et al: Overexpression of vascular permeability factor (VPF/VEGF) and its endothelial cell receptors in delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. J Immunol. 1995, 154: 2801-2807.
CAS
Google Scholar
Cao J, Papadopoulou N, Kempuraj D, Boucher WS, Sugimoto K, Cetrulo CL, et al: Human mast cells express corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors and CRH leads to selective secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Immunol. 2005, 174: 7665-7675.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kandere-Grzybowska K, Letourneau R, Kempuraj D, Donelan J, Poplawski S, Boucher W, et al: IL-1 induces vesicular secretion of IL-6 without degranulation from human mast cells. J Immunol. 2003, 171: 4830-4836.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Tagen M, Conti P, Kalogeromitros D: Differential release of mast cell mediators and the pathogenesis of inflammation. Immunol Rev. 2007, 217: 65-78. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00519.x.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Redwood L: Autism: an emerging 'neuroimmune disorder' in search of therapy. Exp Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2009, 10: 2127-2143. 10.1517/14656560903107789.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Burbacher TM, Shen DD, Liberato N, Grant KS, Cernichiari E, Clarkson T: Comparison of blood and brain mercury levels in infant monkeys exposed to methylmercury or vaccines containing thimerosal. Environ Health Perspect. 2005, 113: 1015-1021.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Esposito P, Gheorghe D, Kandere K, Pang X, Conally R, Jacobson S, et al: Acute stress increases permeability of the blood-brain-barrier through activation of brain mast cells. Brain Res. 2001, 888: 117-127. 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03026-2.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Esposito P, Chandler N, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Basu S, Jacobson S, Connolly R, et al: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and brain mast cells regulate blood-brain-barrier permeability induced by acute stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002, 303: 1061-1066. 10.1124/jpet.102.038497.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rossi AD, Larsson O, Manzo L, Orrenius S, Vahter M, Berggren PO, et al: Modifications of Ca2+ signaling by inorganic mercury in PC12 cells. FASEB J. 1993, 7: 1507-1514.
CAS
Google Scholar
Elferink JG: Thimerosal: a versatile sulfhydryl reagent, calcium mobilizer, and cell function-modulating agent. Gen Pharmacol. 1999, 33: 1-6. 10.1016/S0306-3623(98)00258-4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kidd PM: Neurodegeneration from mitochondrial insufficiency: nutrients, stem cells, growth factors, and prospects for brain rebuilding using integrative management. Altern Med Rev. 2005, 10: 268-293.
Google Scholar
Harris HH, Pickering IJ, George GN: The chemical form of mercury in fish. Science. 2003, 301: 1203-10.1126/science.1085941.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Persico AM, Sacco R, Curatolo P, Manzi B, Lenti C, Saccani M, et al: Isolation of principal components in autistic disorder symptomatology and their association with biological endophenotypes. Proc Society for Neuroscience, Washington DC. 2008, Abstract #446.20
Google Scholar
Magalhaes ES, Pinto-Mariz F, Bastos-Pinto S, Pontes AT, Prado EA, Deazevedo LC: Immune allergic response in Asperger syndrome. J Neuroimmunol. 2009, 1-2: 108-112. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.09.015.
Article
Google Scholar
Gurney JG, McPheeters ML, Davis MM: Parental report of health conditions and health care use among children with and without autism: National Survey of Children's Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006, 160: 825-830. 10.1001/archpedi.160.8.825.
Article
Google Scholar
Jyonouchi H, Geng L, Cushing-Ruby A, Quraishi H: Impact of innate immunity in a subset of children with autism spectrum disorders: a case control study. J Neuroinflammation. 2008, 5: 52-10.1186/1742-2094-5-52.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bakkaloglu B, Anlar B, Anlar FY, Oktem F, Pehlivanturk B, Unal F, et al: Atopic features in early childhood autism. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2008, 12: 476-479. 10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.12.008.
Article
Google Scholar
Theoharides TC: Autism spectrum disorders and mastocytosis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009, 22: 859-865.
Google Scholar
Kogan MD, Blumberg SJ, Schieve LA, Boyle CA, Perrin JM, Ghandour RM, et al: Prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among children in the US, 2007. Pediatrics. 2009, 5: 1395-1403. 10.1542/peds.2009-1522.
Article
Google Scholar
Castells M: Mast cell mediators in allergic inflammation and mastocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2006, 26: 465-485. 10.1016/j.iac.2006.05.005.
Article
Google Scholar
Akin C, Valent P, Escribano L: Urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytosis: the role of immunophenotyping in diagnosis and determining response to treatment. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2006, 6: 282-288. 10.1007/s11882-006-0061-0.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Palmer RF, Blanchard S, Stein Z, Mandell D, Miller C: Environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: an ecological study of Texas. Health Place. 2006, 12: 203-209. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.11.005.
Article
Google Scholar
Geier DA, Kern JK, Garver CR, Adams JB, Audhya T, Nataf R, et al: Biomarkers of environmental toxicity and susceptibility in autism. J Neurol Sci. 2008, 280: 101-108. 10.1016/j.jns.2008.08.021.
Article
Google Scholar
Geier DA, Geier MR: A prospective study of mercury toxicity biomarkers in autistic spectrum disorders. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007, 70: 1723-1730. 10.1080/15287390701457712.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Adams JB, Romdalvik J, Ramanujam VM, Legator MS: Mercury, lead, and zinc in baby teeth of children with autism versus controls. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007, 70: 1046-1051. 10.1080/15287390601172080.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Desoto MC, Hitlan RT: Blood levels of mercury are related to diagnosis of autism: a reanalysis of an important data set. J Child Neurol. 2007, 22: 1308-1311. 10.1177/0883073807307111.
Article
Google Scholar
Deth R, Muratore C, Benzecry J, Power-Charnitsky VA, Waly M: How environmental and genetic factors combine to cause autism: A redox/methylation hypothesis. NeuroToxicol. 2008, 29: 190-201. 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.09.010.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fombonne E: Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatr Res. 2009, 65: 591-598. 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7203.
Article
Google Scholar
Johnson CP, Myers SM: Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2007, 120: 1183-1215. 10.1542/peds.2007-2361.
Article
Google Scholar
Theoharides TC, Angelidou A, Alysandratos K-A: Neonatal mast cell activation and autism. Brain, Behavior, Immunity. 2010.
Google Scholar
Theoharides TC, Doyle R, Francis K, Conti P, Kalogeromitros D: Novel therapeutic targets for autism. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008, 29: 375-382. 10.1016/j.tips.2008.06.002.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ashwood P, Wills S, Water Van de J: The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research. J Leukoc Biol. 2006, 80: 1-15. 10.1189/jlb.1205707.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar